Sulfur is an extremely useful element. Its largest application is for the actual manufacture of fertilizers with other principal users including rubber industries, cosmetics, and pharaceutical medication. Sulfur is present in many raw industrial gases and Granular sulphur in gas in the form of hydrogen sulfide. The noxious hydrogen sulfide gases that characterize many gas processing, refinery operations, and sulphur suppliers in Iran petroleum production sites represent a genuine threat to our environment.
Claus Sulfur Recovery Units are usually classified according to the method utilized for the production of SO2 and the method used to reheat the switch bed feeds. The various reheat methods can be used with any SO2 production method, while the technique used for sulfur the creation of SO2 is determined by the actual H2S content of the acid gas feedstock.
Most sulfur recovery plants utilize one of three basic variations from the Modified Claus Process "straight through, " "split-flow, inch or "direct-oxidation. " "Acid gas enrichment" can be applied ahead of the SRU to produce a richer acid gas stream as well as "oxygen enrichment" may be used in conjunction with any of these variations.
These three varieties of the Modified Claus Process differ in the method used to oxidize H2S and produce SO2 ahead of the first catalytic reactor. The first two processes use a flame response furnace ahead of the catalytic stages. The third process reacts oxygen directly with the H2S within the first catalytic reactor to produce the SO2.
Straight-Through Procedure A "straight-through" unit (shown on Figure 2) passes all the acid gas with the combustion burner and response furnace. The initial free-flame response usually converts more than half from the incoming sulfur to elemental sulfur. This reduces the amount which must be handled by the catalytic sections and thus leads to the highest overall sulfur recuperation.
The amount of heat generated within the reaction depends on the amount of H2S available to the burner. Along with rich acid gas (60% - 100% H2S), the response heat keeps the fire temperature above 2200°F. Once the gas is leaner, the flame temperature is reduced; the greater mass is warmed to a lower temperature. If the temperature falls below a critical point, approximately 1800°F in order to 2000°F, the flame gets unstable and cannot be managed.
This point is usually reached when the acid gas has an H2S content of 50% or less. The problem can be conquer, within limits, by preheating the acid gas and/or air before it enters the actual burner. However , the lower the H2S content, the higher the actual preheat requirement becomes; once the gas composition falls below about 40% H2S, this approach ceases to be practical.
Claus Sulfur Recovery Units are usually classified according to the method utilized for the production of SO2 and the method used to reheat the switch bed feeds. The various reheat methods can be used with any SO2 production method, while the technique used for sulfur the creation of SO2 is determined by the actual H2S content of the acid gas feedstock.
Most sulfur recovery plants utilize one of three basic variations from the Modified Claus Process "straight through, " "split-flow, inch or "direct-oxidation. " "Acid gas enrichment" can be applied ahead of the SRU to produce a richer acid gas stream as well as "oxygen enrichment" may be used in conjunction with any of these variations.
These three varieties of the Modified Claus Process differ in the method used to oxidize H2S and produce SO2 ahead of the first catalytic reactor. The first two processes use a flame response furnace ahead of the catalytic stages. The third process reacts oxygen directly with the H2S within the first catalytic reactor to produce the SO2.
Straight-Through Procedure A "straight-through" unit (shown on Figure 2) passes all the acid gas with the combustion burner and response furnace. The initial free-flame response usually converts more than half from the incoming sulfur to elemental sulfur. This reduces the amount which must be handled by the catalytic sections and thus leads to the highest overall sulfur recuperation.
The amount of heat generated within the reaction depends on the amount of H2S available to the burner. Along with rich acid gas (60% - 100% H2S), the response heat keeps the fire temperature above 2200°F. Once the gas is leaner, the flame temperature is reduced; the greater mass is warmed to a lower temperature. If the temperature falls below a critical point, approximately 1800°F in order to 2000°F, the flame gets unstable and cannot be managed.
This point is usually reached when the acid gas has an H2S content of 50% or less. The problem can be conquer, within limits, by preheating the acid gas and/or air before it enters the actual burner. However , the lower the H2S content, the higher the actual preheat requirement becomes; once the gas composition falls below about 40% H2S, this approach ceases to be practical.